1. Introduction

This tutorial aims to guide you through the process of setting up sharding in MongoDB. Sharding is a method employed by MongoDB to distribute data across multiple machines. By the end of this tutorial, you will have a fundamental understanding of how to configure and implement sharding in MongoDB.

What You Will Learn
- The concept of sharding in MongoDB
- How to configure and set up sharding
- How to manage and use sharded clusters

Prerequisites
- Basic knowledge of MongoDB
- MongoDB installed on your machine
- Familiarity with the command line

2. Step-by-Step Guide

Sharding Introduction
Sharding is a type of database partitioning that separates very large databases into smaller, more manageable parts called data shards. MongoDB uses sharding to support deployments with large data sets and high throughput operations.

Setting Up Sharding
Setting up sharding involves creating a sharded cluster. A sharded cluster in MongoDB is a set of Replica Sets (shards) that hold the actual data and a set of config servers storing metadata, and mongos instances acting as query routers.

Steps:
1. Start Config Server: The config servers store the metadata for the cluster. Start three config servers for production deployments.
2. Start Shards: Each shard is a separate instance of MongoDB. Start one or more shards as standalone mongod instances or as replica sets.
3. Start mongos: The mongos acts as a query router, providing an interface between client applications and the sharded cluster.

3. Code Examples

Example 1: Starting the Config Server

# Start three config servers (replace "/path/to/configdb" with your directory)
mongod --configsvr --replSet configReplSet --bind_ip localhost --port 27019 --dbpath /path/to/configdb

Example 2: Starting the Shards

# Start two shards (replace "/path/to/shard1" and "/path/to/shard2" with your directories)
mongod --shardsvr --bind_ip localhost --port 27020 --dbpath /path/to/shard1
mongod --shardsvr --bind_ip localhost --port 27021 --dbpath /path/to/shard2

Example 3: Starting the mongos

# Start the mongos on a different terminal
mongos --configdb configReplSet/localhost:27019

4. Summary

In this tutorial, you learned about the concept of sharding in MongoDB, how to configure and set up sharding, and managing and using sharded clusters. The next step would be to learn how to distribute data across the shards and how to query a sharded cluster.

Additional resources:
- MongoDB Sharding Guide
- MongoDB University

5. Practice Exercises

Exercise 1: Set up a sharded cluster with one config server and two shards.

Solution: Follow the steps and code examples given in this tutorial to achieve this. Use different directories for each shard.

Exercise 2: Add an additional shard to the existing sharded cluster.

Solution: Start another shard using the mongod --shardsvr --bind_ip localhost --port 27022 --dbpath /path/to/shard3 command. Then, add the new shard to the cluster using the sh.addShard() command in the Mongo shell.

Tips for Further Practice: Try to set up a sharded cluster with replica sets. Try to distribute the data across the shards and then query the sharded cluster.